Bitcoin mining stock report: Thursday, October 13Here's how crypto Salar de Atacama is home to almost a quarter of the world's current. In Chile's Salar de Atacama, locals watch helplessly as their ancestral lands by Lithium Nevada, a mining company, in the coming days. According to the IER's findings, mining operations such as these consumed 65% of the water in the Salar de Atacama region of Chile. BLACKJACK BETTING STRATEGY SECRETS ROYAL BEACH

There are also Measured resources grew to In the Indicated category, resources increased to The previous resource estimate tallied Measured and Indicated resources of To offer this proof, Cyprus is designing a pilot plant capable of continuous production of at least one tonne per day of claystone, for a month. If that test phase is successful, ie. The case for Albemarle reaching out to Cypress to make a deal over its Clayton Valley Lithium Project has strengthened over the past few months.

The chemicals giant has temporarily closed its two lithium facilities in the US, the Silver Peak mine next to Cypress in Nevada, and its Kings Mountain lithium hydroxide plant in North Carolina. Why is this good for Cypress? According to Albemarle, the closures are due to weaker demand for lithium, caused in part by the hit to EV sales resulting from the pandemic.

The company would restart the idled output in early Or would they? The company is hurting financially and struggling in Chile, where it battles for market supremacy in the salt flats of the bone-dry, lithium-rich Atacama desert with state-run lithium miner SQM — and now Codelco the state run copper, soon to be lithium, producer. The lithium giant has been reviewing its expansion plans and stepping back from earlier commitments. A year ago Albemarle postponed a project in Chile that would have added , tonnes of processing capacity.

Adding insult to injury, in May Albemarle cut its budget and tossed its annual forecast, amid the spread of the coronavirus. It seems to me Albemarle is having a serious re-think of its global lithium business. Why continue a money-losing, lithium-depleted operation in Nevada when its neighbor, Cypress Development Corp, is ready to prove its lithium claystone mining and processing technology on a commercial scale?

And why keep butting heads with the government in Chile, when the solution to its expansion dilemma is right next door to its now-shuttered lithium mine in Nevada? Albemarle has the rights to most of the water in the Clayton Valley. Albemarle has the water, but Cypress has the resource and the water, with or without Albemarle. A resource that has almost doubled, from 3. Is this not a partnership waiting to happen? There are two things that are practically certain once Biden is inaugurated in January and the Democrats regain control of the House, though likely not the Senate.

The first is an avalanche of new spending without limits, as put forward by proponents of Modern Monetary Theory. The Biden campaign has reportedly told US miners it supports boosting production of metals used to make EVS, solar panels and other materials crucial to his climate plan.

He also supports bipartisan efforts to build a domestic supply chain for lithium, copper, rare earths and other strategic materials the US currently imports from China and other countries. REEs were detected in leach solutions ranging from to ppm.

Although abundant in nature, only select regions in the world contain brines, mostly in South America. As the magma cools, water and other minerals become concentrated. Albemarle also has assets in Nevada, U. Its Clayton Valley operation is the only source of lithium production in the United States. While Australia and Chile account for the majority of the lithium supply, China has more than half of all capacity for refining it into specialized battery chemicals.

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Partly, these worries revolve around the environmental risk that lithium mining as a very water intensive process poses to the salt flat and its water resources. Here, mining takes place in the driest desert on earth, already experiencing changes in precipitation due to climate change. Partly though, these concerns are about maintaining the cultural heritage of people living in the area.

Traditionally, agriculture and pastoralism were main activities of the Lickanantay indigenous people. With the mining companies offering stable, monthly incomes, many indigenous people have turned to these jobs instead, leaving traditional activities — and the practices related to them — behind.

For many of them, it is no longer a priority, so they no longer plan to cultivate the land, they prefer to keep their paid work and not to farm because it is more of a sacrifice. While companies in the Salar de Atacama are undoubtedly important employers in the region, the indigenous people they employ are mostly men.

As a male dominated industry, the lithium mining reinforces traditional gender norms. Situated in remote places, work in the mines requires men leave home for long shifts, from several days to several weeks, leaving the women to stay with their families and carry most of the domestic responsibilities. This includes unpaid domestic, practical labour e. As other authors have pointed out, the system of mine work also reproduces images of masculinity see Barrientos Delgado et al.

Despite such overall reproduction of traditional gender norms, my research suggests that many indigenous women seek to change these dynamics within their own relationships. What opportunities for indigenous women are connected to lithium mining around the Salar de Atacama?

While lithium mining has taken place in the Salar de Atacama since , it acquired particular importance after This has led to many changes in ways of life, and continues to have a significant impact on those still living around the Salar, including the lives of indigenous women. Many women told me stories about better in access to education.

People used to study in boarding schools, which meant they often did not see their families for long periods. In recent years, however, the situation has changed and there are now more local schools available. Academic education in Chile is generally very expensive and scholarships are vital for working class families. During the last fifteen to twenty years, the infrastructure of energy and water provision in San Pedro de Atacama has also greatly improved.

This makes life for indigenous women, who carry out many of the domestic responsibilities, such as washing, cooking, or cleaning, much easier. Having electricity, light and water available at most times facilitates domestic labour. Beyond these indirect impacts on the lives of indigenous women, there are also more direct initiatives by the mining companies. For instance, in April , one of them funded a check-up centre for breast cancer in the main square of San Pedro de Atacama, providing free health services for women.

It has also launched projects for indigenous women, such as workshops to re- connect and re- learn ancient weaving techniques. Deposit Types The Salar de Atacama brine deposit is contained within porous media filled with interstitial brine rich in Li, K, and boron among other ions.

The Salar de Atacama nucleus is constituted by a thick section of evaporites over a surface area of 1, square km and up to a depth of m Bevacqua, ; Xterrae, Therefore, the Salar de Atacama is classified as a mature salt flat, according to the site geology and Houston, et al. The clastic sedimentary material comprises clay, silt, and sand, which are more abundant near surface and decrease with increasing depth.

In the West Block, the Upper Halite is underlain by a clay lens, gypsum, or carbonate units, depending on the specific area. In the East Block, the Upper Halite overlies halite with organic matter. Clastic and Upper Evaporites Clastic and evaporitic unit underlying the Upper Halite, which is mainly constituted by plastic clays, evaporites halite and gypsum and carbonates. This unit is mainly recognized in the West Block, and it presents a variable thickness between 0.

Halite, Gypsum, and Carbonates with Organic Matter This unit is mainly constituted by halite with interbedded gypsum, carbonates, and organic matter black to gray colored. It is found in the East Block, with a minimum thickness of 3 m near the Salar Fault and maximum thickness of m along the eastern edge of the salt flat with a mean thickness of 64 m throughout the area. Intermediate Halite The Intermediate Halite is divided into three distinct blocks according to observed spatial differences: i Northwest Block from the coordinate 7,, 5 m S, ii Southwest Block from the coordinate 7,, m S, and the East Block.

In the East Block, minor traces of organic matter and carbonates are also present. The Intermediate Halite unit thickness differs between the West Block and East Block: in the northwest West Block , its maximum thickness is 25 m, while in the East Block, its maximum thickness reaches m with a mean thickness of m. Evaporites and Intermediate Volcanoclastics The Evaporite and Intermediate Volcanoclastic Unit represents an erosional unconformity and is composed of interbedded gypsum, tuff, and reworked volcanoclastic material.

In total, at least 10 tuff layers are found in this unit that are affected by local wedging, folding, and truncation. Toward the north of the salt flat, a change of facies is present where the gypsum grades to halite and the thickness increases to the north and is wedged to the south.

In the western block, this sequence has a recognized thickness of between 0 and m and a mean thickness of 84 m. Its top, on average, is located at a depth of 51 m below the surface of the salt flat. Between the Salar and Cabeza de Caballo Faults, a sequence of sediments and evaporites called Sequence 1 is found which composed mainly of clay, halite, and gypsum. This sequence decreases towards the south and towards the Salar Fault, with thickness ranging from 7 to 36 m and a mean thickness of 20 m, where its greatest thickness is observed in the SOP deposit.

The only difference is that its mean thickness is on the order of m, and the top of this unit is located at a mean depth of m below surface. This unit is recognized in both West and East Blocks; in the West Block it has a variable thickness with a mean of 69 m in the West Block.

Regional Clays A deep layer of clays, with a minimum depth below land surface of 60 m West Block and maximum depth below land surface of m East Block. Underlaying the shallower sections of the Regional Clays, a deep tuff layer can be found with a mean thickness of 5 m. It consists of a thin crystalline - pumice tuff with abundant biotite, feldspars, and sparse quartz.

Brine extraction is characterized by the construction of vertical pumping wells capable of pumping brine from the subsurface reservoir. The brine is accumulated in different gathering ponds for distribution to the evaporation ponds and metallurgical plants.

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