Wenzhen wang forex exchange
It is observed that there is a possibility of not getting connected to the Internet due to various reasons. We are working on a solution to enable offline transactions due to any internet failure. We identify three main scenarios where fully offline transaction capability is considered to be beneficial for both merchants and consumers. Our work aims to address the challenge of providing secure offline transaction capability when there is no online connectivity keeping in mind to not compromise any security features in our M-Commerce offline wallet payment application.
Keywords: Security, Software security, M-Commerce, Web sockets, Threats, Document level locking, Asynchronous storage, Information assurance, Hashing, Intrusion attack Introduction Mobile payment is the root of financial transactions for most of the services or goods. The majority of the payment system currently in use considers online communication with the network and is very infrastructure dependent, which is very different from wireless mobile Adhoc systems.
Payment failure is not an uncommon phenomenon these days, due to insufficient balance or just a lack of internet connectivity. Ensure The customers are unable to establish a connection with the payments platform is also a major reason for online payment failure. However, with the proposed application, end-users will be able to make offline payments using their mobile devices wallet. The RBI proposed a pilot scheme for small value payments in offline mode with built-in features for safeguarding the interest of the users, liability protection, etc.
Under the pilot scheme, banks and payment System Operators will be able to provide offline payment solutions using cards, wallets, or mobile devices for remote or proximity payments. This paper looks into a hybrid online-offline wallet payment system, the online system developed enhances the capability of the current system being used. The offline model will enable users in regions of unstable connectivity, devoid of internet, to successfully onboard in this venture to eliminate hard Cash Transactions.
The upcoming Sect. In Sect. Section " Results and Discussion " depicts the results obtained and reviews the working of the proposed application. Literature Survey The author [ 1 ] addresses a challenge in providing secure offline transaction capability when there is no online connectivity on either the mobile or the terminal. It discusses how tokenization can be adopted by the payment industry as a method to prevent Personal Account Number PAN and compromise in EMV Europay MasterCard Visa transactions, differentiated how the current architecture specified in EMV tokenization that requires online connectivity during transactions.
A new privacy-preserving offline mobile payment protocol was designed and was based on NFC. The primary aim was to focus on customer privacy-preserving for mobile payment. This scheme was well designed to accomplish all security and privacy requirements. In this scheme, a group signature is employed to provide the unlinkability of the transactions [ 2 ].
The designed prototype included several security features like anonymity, unlinkability, unforgeability, replay attack prevention, traceability etc. A novel approach for building secure, scalable, and flexible e-payment systems in offline mode of communication for enhanced security on transactions [ 3 ]. They discussed how the current payment systems are directly dependent on the fixed infrastructure of the network cellular network , which fails to facilitate an optimal level of security for the payment system.
The proposed system is based on a simple public key infrastructure for providing security in payment processes. The performance analysis of the proposed model was analyzed and showed that the system is highly robust and secure ensuring anonymity, privacy, non-repudiation offline payment system over wireless Adhoc network.
The author [ 4 ] analyzed the characteristics of online payment, gives a common online payment system model with emphasis on the discussion of the electronic credit card, electronic cash, and electronic check of three online payment modes, and finally points out the respective application environment.
Advances in technology make electronic cash, electronic wallets, online banking, electronic exchange and other methods of payment continue to be mature and put into commercial use. A method was proposed in [ 5 ] based on an e-cash system with multiple denominations that enable e-merchants to give customers change when in an offline environment. They proposed a system that results in convenient transactions regardless of the transaction amount and reduces the number of e-cash users needed to deposit in advance.
They used various security measures namely: unlinkability, verifiability, unforgeability, double spending detection, tamper resistance, and nonrepudiation to provide security while performing the transaction. Open service-oriented architecture for secure mobile transactions was described in [ 6 ]. The system was established as a large-scale, secure and complete system comprising several components.
It involved mobile network operators, banks, credit card processors, small merchants. The aim was to design a more flexible way to use cash and credit cards securely. A new prepaid multihop transferable cash payment system solution based on hardware technology implementing an electronic wallet E-wallet to accommodate digital coins was discussed [ 7 ].
The result is a peer-to-peer P2P electronic cash transfer equivalent to a physical cash transfer in public use. This paper also incorporated an offline mode of wallet payment but the drawback is that the system needs still a trusted authority which should act as a catalyst to enhance the trust and possible abuse traceability. They discussed interlocking between digital wallet user threats and requirements.
The authors discussed how Micro-payment systems have the potential to provide non-intrusive, high-volume, and low-cost pay-as-you-use services for a wide variety of Web-based applications [ 9 ]. It describes a set of extensions, mobile NetPay, optimized for mobile e-commerce. Mobile NetPay provides high performance and security using one-way hashing functions for e-coin encryption. The authors [ 10 ] proposed the importance of offline payment solutions, as people tend to behave carelessly in choosing their passwords to avoid the burden of memorizing complex passwords.
Such frail password habits are at severe threats to various services available online, especially electronic banking or e-banking. Paper [ 11 ] discusses the security of electronic payment systems. This paper focuses on either dominant systems or new attempts and innovations to improve the level of security of electronic payment systems. The survey consists of the Card-Present CP transactions and a review of its dominant system i. Several pieces of research at Cambridge university show variants of attacks against this standard, which demonstrates the lack of a secure offline authentication method.
This paper proposes the use of smart cards instead of magnetic stripe cards which are not able to participate in the authentication process the evaluation of the EMV migration from RSA cryptosystem to ECC based cryptosystem 3. Mobile payments offer a great wireless network in e-commerce [ 12 ]. Double metal cyanide DMC is a well-known, excellent catalyst for epoxide ring-opening polymerization and the copolymerization of epoxide and CO2 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , DMC is characterized by high stability, high reactivity, and moisture resistance, so it is a very attractive heterogeneous system Itaconic anhydride IAn is an important itaconic acid derivative and fine chemical raw material.
Since IAn contains carbon—carbon unsaturated double bonds and active functional groups like anhydride groups, it has become an important functional monomer for the production of polymeric materials. In fact, IAn is a good industrial raw material for manufacturing, for instance, synthetic resins, synthetic fibers, plastics, and nontoxic packaging materials.
Scheme 2 2 Materials and methods 2. Solution 1 was prepared by dissolving 1. Solution 2 was prepared by dissolving 8 g of ZnCl2 in a mixed solvent comprising 10 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of tert-butanol. Under vigorous stirring, solution 1 was slowly dropped into solution 2 over a period of 30 min; the obtained mixture was then stirred vigorously for a further 1 h to fully complex the ligand tert-butanol with the precipitate.
Finally, the precipitated slurry was placed in pure tert-butanol, and the precipitate was separated from the supernatant. CO2 replacement air was poured into the kettle, and this step was repeated two to three times; PO was then poured into the kettle before the liquid port was quickly closed. The reaction was terminated after 24 h.
After centrifugation, the resulting chloroform solution of the copolymer was placed in a round-bottom flask and concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. After being concentrated to a certain concentration, it was precipitated with absolute ethanol, and a small amount of propylene carbonate was removed to obtain the product.
Each polymer was made into five splines for testing, and the obtained results were averaged. Briefly, the sample was refluxed in boiling chloroform for 24 h. The gel content was defined as the weight percentage of the insoluble part of the sample. The data were recorded as the average of three parallel measurements. Some scholars have proposed that the tetrahedral zinc structure Scheme 3 is the ground state of the active center of the catalyst Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool to identify the coordination and bonding of cyano groups in metal complexes.
As can be evinced from these data, the prepared catalyst is in an amorphous state. Studies have found that the introduction of organic ligands into the catalyst can also reduce the crystallinity and increase the catalytic activity Lee et al. The Le-Khac 33 research group prepared DMC with fatty alcohols as ligands and found that the DMC catalyst had the highest activity when tert-butanol was used as the ligand. Huang et al. This is because the oxygen atom of tert-butanol has strong electronegativity, and the prepared DMC catalyst has a very high amorphous state and high catalytic activity.
In addition, with the increase of ZnCl2 addition, the crystallization of DMC was destroyed, and the crystallinity of the catalyst began to decrease
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Options are leveraged instruments — they allow traders to amplify the benefit by risking smaller amounts than would otherwise be required if the underlying asset traded itself. Standard options on a single stock is equivalent in size to equity shares. By trading options, investors can take advantage of leveraging options. The a contract size is Apple shares, so the trader is effectively making a deal of Apple shares. Net profit from the position will be 11, — 4, Risk of the strategy: The trader's potential loss from a long call is limited to the premium paid.
Potential profit is unlimited, meaning the payoff will increase as much as the underlying asset price increases. However, buying a put option on the shares can be an alternative strategy. A put option will allow the trader to benefit from the position if the price of the stock falls. If on the other hand the price does increase, the trader can then let the option expire worthless losing only the premium. Stock Option Expiration Cycles.
Options Trading for Beginners India Potential loss is limited to the premium paid for the option cost of the option multiplied the contract size. Since payoff function of the long put is defined as max exercise price - stock price - 0 the maximum profit from the position is capped, since the stock price cannot drop below zero See the graph.
The covered call strategy involves a short position in a call option and a long position in the underlying asset. The long position ensures that the short call writer will deliver the underlying price should the long trader exercise the option. With an out of the money call option, a trader collects a small amount of premium, also allowing limited upside potential. Collected premium covers the potential downside losses to some extent.
Overall, the strategy synthetically replicates the short put option, as illustrated in the graph below. This position would be preferred by traders who own the underlying asset and want downside protection. The strategy involves a long position in the underlying asset and as well as a long put option position. An alternative strategy would be selling the underlying asset, but the trader may not want to liquidate the portfolio. If the underlying price increases at maturity , the option expires worthless and the trader loses the premium but still has the benefit of the increased underlying price which he is holding.
Hence, the protective put position can effectively be thought of as an insurance strategy. The trader can set exercise price below the current price to reduce premium payment at the expense of decreasing downside protection. This can be thought of as deductible insurance. The following put options are available:. The table implies that the cost of the protection increases with the level thereof.
In other words, he can buy an at the money option which is very costly. If the price of the underlying drops, the potential loss of the overall strategy is limited by the difference between the initial stock price and strike price plus premium paid for the option. Meanwhile, the potential loss of the strategy involving at the money options will be limited to the option premium.
Options offer alternative strategies for investors to profit from trading underlying securities. A Guide Of Option Trading Strategies For Beginners Investopedia There's a variety strategies involving different combinations of options, underlying assets and other derivatives. Basic strategies for beginners are buying call, buying put, selling covered call and buying protective put, while other strategies involving options would require more sophisticated knowledge and skills in derivatives.
There are advantages to trading options rather than underlying assets, such as downside protection and leveraged return, but there are also disadvantages like the requirement for upfront premium payment. Wenzhen Wang, from Monex completes acquisition of Tradestation. By TradeStation. Wenzhen Wang on 12 November Tweet. Comments 0 Please log in to add your comment.
Report abuse. Transcript of Sexuality assignment. Sexuality assignment. AI Growth Engine for your business Be fearless. Translational Neurobiology Laboratory. Faculty Director: Wenzhen Duan, M. D, Ph. Jun 30, Day trading or scalping the forex market seems to be making a comeback. Wenzhen Wang, from China, appears to have used scalping. Liu, L. Huang, B.
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